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We examine how parental unemployment affects children's transition to postsecondary education in different institutional contexts. Drawing on theoretical perspectives in intergenerational mobility research and sociology of higher education, we estimate the extent to which these intergenerational effects depend on social and education policies. We use data from five longitudinal surveys to analyze the effects of parental unemployment on entry to postsecondary education in 21 countries. The results of multilevel regression analysis show that in contexts that provide better insurance against unemployment, in terms of generous earnings replacement, the adverse effect of parental unemployment is alleviated. Moreover, entry gaps between youth from unemployed and employed households are smaller in tertiary education systems with more opportunity-equalizing education policies that provide more financial support to students and reduce the role of private expenditure. Some evidence also indicates that policies are more relevant for children of less-educated unemployed parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of seasonally unemployed parents in the Gouda area of the Western Province. Positive psychology provided the theoretical framework. A qualitative descriptive research design was used and seven adult parents were selected purposefully. Thematic data analysis focused on the inductive coding of collected data. Findings indicate that seasonally unemployed parents experience periods of employment and unemployment as distinctly different. Yet their experiences during periods of being employed or not are described as a series of challenges varying in degrees of difficulty for parents and their children.

This article analyses the influence of unemployed parents’ further vocational training on their children’s future apprenticeship and employment opportunities. We focus on households receiving means-tested benefits in Germany and investigate whether parents’ further vocational training helps avoid an intergenerational transmission of unemployment. Parents’ further vocational training can affect children’s future apprenticeship and employment opportunities directly, for instance by raising the value attributed to education and training within the family. Indirect effects via parents’ improved employment opportunities are possible as well. The sample consists of adolescents who were 14-17 years old when their parents participated in a further vocational training programme. We evaluate apprenticeship and employment outcomes for the young adults at ages 17-23 using entropy balancing methods on the basis of rich large-scale register data. Our findings indicate significantly positive effects of parents’ further vocational training on children’s apprenticeship enrolment but non-significant or negative effects on children’s regular employment at young ages. Moreover, mediation analysis gives evidence that these effects are partly mediated via an increase in parents’ own employment opportunities. Overall, our analyses indicate that parents’ further vocational training improves the qualifications of the next generation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social environment which the child comes from determines him in many spheres, including leisure activities. In the contribution we stressed on learning if school children differentiate in leisure time spending with regard on family size, parent's employment (eventually their grant parents) and family income. Basic sample was created by 618 respondents--children parents with average age 39.9 years. Data analyse showed us that significant difference was confirmed in case of family income. This forms the prerequisite for higher volume of children movement activities. Rather surprising was result in our research that children of employed parents engage in leisure activities less than the number of unemployed parents. Also the fact that family size is not an aspect that would make children attending elementary and secondary school differentiate when choosing leisure time activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this survey was to discover to what degree parental nonformal education is present within the function of responsible parenting. The questionnaire research method was used in the survey. For the purpose of this research a questionnaire of 13 questions was constructed relating to the forms of non-formal education, and another questionnaire of 10 questions relating to the parents' expectations of non-formal education. The sample included 198 parents. Examination of the scores concerning the presence of certain forms of parental non-formal education realized in cooperation with the school leads to the conclusion that the parents possess a positive attitude towards non-formal education. The analysis showed that the parents' expectations were not on a satisfactory level. According to the results, the fathers displayed a greater interest towards non-formal education (7.72±1.35) than the mothers (6.93±1.85), (p<0.05). Unemployed parents had a greater score (7.85±1.30) than the employed parents (7.22±1.71), (p<0.05). A difference in the acceptance of non-formal education in accordance with the level of formal education was also noticeable (p<0.001). Respondents with a high school degree displayed the highest level of acceptance (7.97±0.78), while the lowest interest was seen in respondents with an associate degree (6.41±2.29). Univariate linear regression analysis showed that statistically important predictors were: gender (OR: -0.23 (-1.24 - -0.33), p< 0.001), work status (OR: -0.14 (-1.24 - -0.01), < 0.05) and the level of formal education (OR: -0.33 (-0.81 - -0.34), p< 0.001). The final results lead to the conclusion that parental non-formal education supports the concept of lifelong education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Europe is slowly recovering from the economic recession, its effects on labour markets are still visible. The number of jobless families has increased and previous research has shown that unemployment can affect the well-being of both parents and their children. In this study we explored the links between parental unemployment and youth life satisfaction by considering the potential moderating roles played by satisfaction with family life and perceived family wealth. We used descriptive statistics, correlations, simple moderation and moderated moderation models of regression on data from a representative sample of 3937 Portuguese students ( M = 13.9 years; SD ± 1.7; 48 % boys). Results showed that the negative effects of parental unemployment on youth life satisfaction were moderated by youth perceived satisfaction with family life but not by perceived wealth. This suggested that during family unemployment, young people satisfied with their family life are less vulnerable to the negative effects of parental unemployment on their life satisfaction. The relationship between parental unemployment and youth well-being requires further research, especially during periods of labour market crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze to what extent health outcomes of Swedish children are worse among children whose parents become unemployed. To this end we combine Swedish hospitalization data for 1992-2007 for children 3-18 years of age with register data on parental unemployment. We find that children with unemployed parents are 17% more likely to be hospitalized than other children, but that most of the difference is driven by selection. A child fixed-effects approach suggests a small effect of parental unemployment on child health. (JEL-codes: I12, J13) [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Travel is becoming an increasingly essential part of adolescents׳ leisure. As a large part of organized leisure activities takes place beyond the local neighborhood, access to transport becomes a prerequisite for participation. This article investigates transport mode choices in the leisure lives of Norwegian adolescents and the potential influence of household structures. The study finds that car use is less prominent in the leisure activities of adolescents from single-parent households, and that living in households with unemployed parents reduces the probability of leisure travels by car. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the assocations between parental worklessness and the experiences of their offspring making the transition from school to work during a time that included a major economic downturn. The study draws on data collected for the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), a cohort of young people born in 1989/90 completing compulsory education in 2006 -- just before the onset of the Great Recession. Data on parental worklessness collected between 2004 and 2006 was linked to information about subsequent employment activities of their offspring, in particular the experience of not being in education, employment or training (NEET) between 2007 and 2010 (ages 16 to 20 years). Parental worklessness was significantly associated with their sons' and daughters' experience of being NEET for longer periods of time (months spent in NEET). However, much of this association was explained by a number of other socio-economic risks facing these young people and their families (e.g. low parental education level, living in rented accommodation and in highly deprived neighbourhoods). Furthermore, the role of individual agency, in particular educational achievement orientation (EAO) as a potential mediator was examined. Although parental worklessness was associated with lower levels of EAO, especially among young males, the findings also suggest that EAO can serve as a potential resource for young men and women in adverse economic circumstances. The study does not support the assumption of an intergenerational transmission of a 'culture of worklessness' but points to the role of multiple deprivations and lack of local opportunities in shaping the life chances of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While children's orientations to achievement are strong predictors of attainments, little is known about how parental economic hardship during recessionary times influences children's orientations to their futures. The Youth Development Study has followed a community sample of young people in St Paul, Minnesota, from mid-adolescence through their mid-thirties with near-annual surveys, and has recently begun surveying the children of this cohort. Using linked parent and child data, the present study examines the relationship between parental economic hardship and children's achievement orientations in the aftermath of the recent "Great Recession." Initial OLS analyses draw on 345 parent-child pairs, with data collected from parents during their adolescence, during the decade prior to the recession, and in 2011, and from their children (age 11 and older) in 2011. Then, first difference models are estimated, based on a smaller sample (N=186) of parents and children who completed surveys in both 2009 and 2011. Our findings indicate that when families are more vulnerable, as a result of low parental education and prior parental unemployment experience, children's achievement orientations are more strongly threatened by the family's economic circumstances. For example, as parental financial problems increased, economic expectations declined only among children of the least well-educated parents. Low household incomes diminished educational aspirations only when parents experienced unemployment during the ten years prior to the recent recession. Parental achievement orientations, as adolescents, were also found to moderate the impacts of shifts in the family's economic circumstances. Finally, boys reacted more strongly to their parents' hardship than girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Estudos Feministas is the property of Revista Estudos Feministas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on the statutes and federal guidelines for the purpose of child support system in the U.S. The financial obligations are minimized by the counsel who represents the noncustodial parents and their lawyers. Information on the benefits like Temporary Assistance for Needy Families provided by the government to the unemployed parents for the enforcement of child support systems is also presented.

Copyright of Socialno Delo is the property of Socialno Delo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the significant effects of unemployment towards the well-being of families and children in Australia. It discusses the potential impact and the economic consequences of unemployment. It notes the influence of parental job loss towards child development and states that it affects the children's educational attainment. It stresses that unemployment increases the likelihood of divorce, negatively affects families' economic security, physical and mental health. Moreover, additional information on the negative impact of job loss on families are also given.

The article discusses the implications of global financial crisis on several families in Australia. It emphasizes on the negative effects of the increased unemployment towards families in the country and highlights several mechanisms in which a recession may affect families. It also provides an overview on the research and surveys related to the short- and longer term effects of economic recessions. It further suggests that to minimize the loss of jobs and to maintain workers' connections with labor market can help reduce the negative effects of recession on families.

An essay is presented on the social-regional diversity of starting kindergarten in Hungary. It mentions that the children in Northern, North-Eastern and in rural areas are deprived from the opportunity to be registered in nursery schools. It cites the three groups of parents, including inactive parents, unemployed and full-time mothers, who play roles on nursery registration. Moreover, it adds that kindergarten has two functions such as babysitting or as a socializing-developing school.

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to evaluate poverty among children using a multidimensional concept of child poverty. Design/methodology/approach - In light of this conceptualization, the paper applies methodological framework that uses frizzy set theory to evaluate deprivation intensity among children. It also investigates the socio-demographic and economic characteristics that most affect deprivation risk by estimating a discrete choice model. Findings - Results show that children included in large families or with uncommon compositions are particularly at risk. Unemployment of parents also plays an important role in determining deprivation. Children's deprivation is particularly affected by issues related to education, health, housing and social integration. Originality/value - This paper proposes a concept that is child-cantered. It also constructs measures of child poverty/deprivation based on specific child indicators of well-being. Finally uses the paper econometric techniques to evaluate socio-demographic and economic attributes in determining deprivation odds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were analysed from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to examine whether the relationship between parental unemployment status and child reading literacy is modified by the level of unemployment protection provided by the nation. The sample consisted of 61,946 children, nested in 3,918 schools among 17 market economies. The results of multi-level analyses indicated that, after controlling for a range of individual, family and school covariates, children with unemployed fathers in all countries had significantly lower reading literacy scores than those of employed fathers (β = −8.84, SE = 2.01). The contextual effect of unemployment protection was not significant after accounting for fathers’ employment status (β = −18.63, SE = 16.26). However, there was a significant negative interaction between unemployment protection and fathers’ unemployment, yielding the unexpected suggestion that, in countries with higher levels of unemployment protection, children with unemployed fathers fare worse, both in relation to children with unemployed fathers in lower protection countries, and in comparison with children with employed fathers (β = −26.96, SE = 8.08). Possible explanations are advanced for this result, including the potential for a ‘discouraged child effect’ arising from the potential association between unemployment protection and higher local unemployment rates (though unemployment rates at the national level were not significant). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate a ‘couples-based’ policy intervention designed to reduce the number of Australian families with dependent children in which no adult was in paid employment. Selected women on family benefits (who were partnered with men receiving unemployment benefits) were randomly invited to participate in an interview process designed to identify strategies for increasing economic and social participation. The overall effect of the interview process led to lower hours of work among family benefit recipients, but to greater participation in job search and in study or training for work-related reasons. Whether women were interviewed with their partner or not had no effect on the level of economic activity of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect and significance of East German parents' unemployment on the children's opportunities for participation in higher education. In a theoretical model, the relevant mechanisms of educational decision-making have been considered at the household level (especially the interactions between parents and children) as well as at the individual level of children and their intellectual development. Additionally to the economic hardships the capacity of the household for adaptation and coping with unemployment as well as the distortion of family climate and parents-children-communication are important factors modifying the decision-making in regard to the children's transition into upper secondary school (Gymnasium). The negative effect of unemployment on the social and cultural capital of the family often diminishes the human development of the child and its performance at school. Using data for 327 families and 569 children in Dresden it has been found that frequent and long-term unemployment of parents have negative effects on the educational opportunities of their children. However, impact of parental social and cultural capital on children's educational achievement are stronger than socioeconomic deprivation in the process of social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents bibliography on Australian living standards. Some of the books are " Location of Child Care in Melbourne," and "Getting to Work in Sydney and Melbourne," by Andrew Burbidge, "Institute Undertakes Three-Year Study Into Australian Living Standards" and "A Safe Place for Children: Views From the Outer Suburbs" by Helen Brownlee and Peter McDonald, "Housing Costs and Unemployed Families," by Andrew Burbidge and George Gondor, "Living Day to Day: Families in the Recession," by Peter McDonald and Helen Brownlee, "Capital Gains and Locational Disadvantage," by George Gondor and Andrew Burbidge, "Depending on Parents" by Peter McDonald, "Adolescent Children and Their Parents: Do They get on?" by Ruth Weston and Christine Miliward, "Intergenerational Family Support: Help or Hindrance?" by Christine Miliward, "Education and Training for Young People: Determinants of Participation," by Peter McDonald, Helen Brownlee and Evelyn Greenblat and "Family Networks in Rural and Urban Settings," by Christine Miliward.

The article focuses on a study that examines income transfers affecting the incomes of families with children. The article argues that a policy package can be designed to permit income testing, without stigma, if one builds on a foundation of strong universalism and moves relatively far into the income distribution and to continue universal benefits but control costs, by including such benefits in the recipient's taxable income. The specifics of individual policies and programs, the proportion of the population covered, and the ways the programs are administered make the difference. Working with research teams from eight countries, a group of families considered to be vulnerable are identified and thus the objects of income transfer policies. Vulnerable families with children were defined as including single mothers raising children, the long and short term unemployed, some of whom were in work-training programs and some of whom were not, the underemployed or irregular workers heading families, large two-parent families, with one wage earner earning an average wage and husband/wife families with only one wage earner, carrying an average wage.

The relationships between the success of unemployed people in regaining a preferred job and their families decision-making style are analyzed in the context of a recession in Israel during the years 1966-1967. Findings included." (1) Unemployed from families with high degrees of consultation suffered longer periods of idleness than their mates from nonconsultative families: and (2) unemployed from families with high degrees of consultation were more successful than their counterparts in nonconsultative families in regaining employment in their former occupation. The results are explained in terms of the availability of information, the intrafamilial tendency for mutual support, institutional factors, and the nature of the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the literature on the family effects of unemployment in order to specify how changes in the economy might effect fathering during periods of unemployment. The purpose for doing so is to provide information to clinicians on how job loss effects family dynamics. This paper is organized around three variables that are seen as influencing the father and child relationship. These variables are: the father's reaction to job loss, the mother's reaction to job loss, and the characteristics of the child. The paper ends with a discussion of the policy and practice implications of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A caseworker in the Appalachian South explains, in a moving personal account of her client's bewilderment at the public assistance office, why many persons in need fail to contact appropriate assistance agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses empirical research investigating a link between unemployment and fertility in Germany. Factors such as income levels during times of unemployment as well as the ability to reenter the workforce after the birth of a child are examined. In particular, unemployment on the part of the father appears to be the most significant factor in delaying reproduction within a family.

The article presents the findings on the families with dependent children from the 2007 Families and Children Study (FACS) in Great Britain. The findings include the stability of families with dependent children from 2005-2007 with 25% of children living in a lone-parent family, 41% of jobless lone-parent households and 56% of children placed in childcare for having working mothers. Moreover, it notes the publication of the study's full report by the Department for Work and Pensions.

The article presents the second part of a report on young families in Germany after its reunification in 1990. The author contends that these families have been affected negatively by the political changes and that they are disproportionately unemployed as a result. In addition, income levels and drastically increasing living costs contribute to poverty among families in the Eastern German states.

Reports on the impact of family issues on children according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare in 2005. Estimated population of children in Australia; Percentage of jobless parents in the country; Age group of boys who were common victims of assault.

The article discusses the study that aims to assess the success of the Transitional Employment for Massachusetts Parents for the Unemployed Parent's unpaid work requirements program in Massachusetts in offering a positive experience. The results suggested that most of the positions were not of a penitentiary or busywork nature. It also showed that majority of the positions helped participants in enhancing their employment skills and in obtaining good job references.

The article discusses a conference held by the West Germany Federal Association of Employer Welfare on November 4, 1987 in Bonn. In particular, a survey on children of unemployed individuals was discussed. Additionally, the effects of long-term unemployment on the family were examined. Social repercussions of unemployment in the family were addressed.